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What is male infertility?

Infertility can concern both male and female individuals. Specifically, male infertility is a condition that affects men. It interferes with the ability of their reproductive system to impregnate a female.

What happens if a man is infertile?

If you have male infertility, it means you have repeated unprotected sexual intercourse for over a year but your female partner doesn’t get pregnant.

How common is male infertility?

Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Some studies show that male infertility affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United States who are trying to conceive.

Is it easy to conceive?

No, it isn’t easy to conceive. The human species is considered a species with low reproductive capacity. A fertile and young couple, for every month of free intercourse, has only a 20-25% chance of conceiving.

Conception is a complicated process that depends on many factors in the male and female reproductive systems, including:

  • Producing healthy male reproductive cells (sperm) and a healthy female reproductive cell (egg).
  • Unblocked fallopian tubes that allow sperm to reach the egg.
  • The sperm’s ability to fertilize the egg when they meet.
  • The ability of the fertilized egg (embryo) to implant in the uterus.

For the pregnancy to continue to full term (39 to 40 weeks and six days), the embryo must be healthy, and the female’s hormonal environment must be adequate enough for the embryo to develop. Infertility can happen if something affects just one of these factors.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs of unhealthy sperm?

The primary symptom of male infertility is being unable to have a biological child. But male infertility can also lead to many psychological and emotional symptoms, including feelings of:

  • Depression.
  • Loss.
  • Grief.
  • Inadequacy.
  • Failure.

If you or your partner experiences any of these feelings, it’s a good idea to talk to a therapist or psychiatrist.

Sometimes, male infertility can be associated with a low production of testosterone from the testicles. In this case, symptoms such as tiredness, impotence, depression, weight gain and apathy may occur. If you or your partner experiences these symptoms, talking to a urologist who specializes in male infertility or a reproductive endocrinologist can help. 

What causes male infertility?

Many biological and environmental factors can cause male infertility. These include:

  • Sperm problems, including malformed sperm, low sperm count (oligospermia) and the absence of sperm in your semen (azoospermia).
  • Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome and myotonic dystrophy.
  • Some medical conditions, including diabetes, certain autoimmune diseases that attack your sperm and cystic fibrosis.
  • Infections, including epididymitis, orchitis and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including gonorrhea or HIV.
  • Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles).
  • Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgical removal of your testicles (orchiectomy).
  • Testicular trauma.
  • Hormonal disorders that affect your hypothalamus or pituitary glands.

Is healthy sperm thick or runny?

Semen is the whitish-gray liquid that releases from a penis upon orgasm (ejaculation). Semen contains sperm, as well as fluids that help deposit sperm toward the back of the vagina, and proteins, vitamins and minerals that help nourish the sperm.

Typically, semen is thick and sticky. Runny or watery semen may indicate a low sperm count, which may cause male infertility.

How is male infertility diagnosed?

A primary care physician (PCP) can diagnose male infertility. Or they may refer you to a urologist who specializes in male infertility or a reproductive endocrinologist.

A PCP will perform a complete physical examination to help determine your overall health and identify any physical problems that may affect your fertility. They may also ask you and your partner questions about your sexual habits and health history, including:

  • How long have you been trying to get your partner pregnant?
  • Have you gotten a partner pregnant in the past?
  • Have you ever tested positive for an STI? If so, which STI and when?
  • Have you ever received treatment for an STI?
  • Have you used birth control (contraceptives)? If so, which one(s) and when?
  • Has a provider diagnosed any of your biological family members with male infertility?
  • Do you smoke, drink alcohol or use recreational/nonprescription drugs?
  • Which medications do you take?

The provider may order tests if the physical exam and review of your health history don’t indicate any apparent cause for male infertility.

Can you fix male infertility?

Yes, many different treatment options can reverse male infertility. Depending on the cause, your treatment may include:

Lifestyle changes

You may be able to increase the production of healthy sperm by making certain lifestyle changes, including:

  • Maintaining a healthy weight for you.
  • Eating more fruits and vegetables.
  • Engaging in regular physical activity, including walking, jogging, bicycling, dancing or lifting weights.
  • Managing stress.
  • Stopping smoking, drinking and using recreational/nonprescription drugs.
  • Avoiding the use of sexual lubricants (lube) during sexual intercourse.
Medications

Hormone therapy can regulate hormone levels that are too high or low and affect your sperm quality. You may also need to stop using, or find alternatives to, certain medications, including:

  • Tricyclic antidepressants.
  • Calcium channel blockers.
  • Anti-androgens.

How do I take care of myself?

  • Male infertility isn’t easy. Many people feel uncomfortable talking to their partners or a healthcare provider about it. Be kind to yourself and your partner. Talking to a therapist or finding a support group may help you cope with your feelings.

What questions should I ask a healthcare provider?

You may want to ask your healthcare provider:

  • What’s causing the male infertility?
  • Should my partner schedule tests?
  • What’s the best treatment for me?
  • What’s the success rate of your recommended treatment?
  • Are there any side effects to your recommended treatment?
  • Should I be aware of any other signs or complications?
  • What’s the complete list of medications that can cause male infertility?
  • Should I see a urologist or reproductive endocrinologist?
  • Can you recommend a therapist or support group?

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